在矿山开采中，溜井作为关键的矿石输送设施，其性能对矿山的整体运营效率和安全性至关重要。然而，由于内部复杂的流体动力学行为及多因素交互影响，溜井设计与优化极具挑战性。深入探讨了溜井设计原则、工作原理及其相关影响因素，并提出优化方法以延长溜井使用寿命。通过理论推导确定了溜井中矿石的运动轨迹方程，计算了法向恢复系数与切向恢复系数，通过数值模拟发现矿石碰撞时法向力显著大于切向力，斜溜槽落矿产生的法向力与切向力均高于中心落矿。其中，法向力平均增幅约为 36 %，切向力平均增幅约为 17 %；同时，切向磨损比法向磨损严重，斜溜槽落矿磨损集中于矿石撞击点且整体磨损程度远超中心落矿。速度相同时，中心落矿形式下溜井井壁承受的内力较小，随着矿石初速度增加，井壁内力增长速率亦随之上升，2种形式下 4 m/s时的最大增长速率为 0 m/s时的 2.3倍、2.2倍。建议采取如设置自动钢板导向门和缓冲硐室等措施降低矿石初始速度，从而减少溜井井壁所受内力。

In mining operations, the ore pass is a critical ore transportation facility, and its performance is crucialto the overall operational efficiency and safety of the mine. However, due to complex internal fluid dynamics behaviorsand multi⁃factor interactions, the design and optimization of ore passes are highly challenging. The design principles,working mechanisms, and related influencing factors of ore passes were discussed, and optimization methods wereproposed to extend their service life. The trajectory equation of ore within the ore pass was determined through theoreticalderivation, and the normal and tangential restitution coefficients were calculated. Numerical simulations reveal that thenormal force during ore impact is significantly greater than the tangential force. Furthermore, both normal and tangentialforces generated by oblique chute ore discharge are higher than those from central ore discharge. Specifically, the averageincrease in normal force reaches 36 %, and the tangential force increases by approximately 17 %. Concurrently, tangentialwear is more severe than normal wear. Wear from oblique chute ore discharge concentrates at the ore impact point, andthe overall wear degree far exceeds that from central ore discharge. At the same velocity, the internal forces borne bythe ore pass wall are smaller under the central ore discharge mode. As the initial ore velocity increases, the growth rateof wall pressure also rises. At 4 m/s, the growth rates under the two modes are 2.3 times and 2.2 times those at 0 m/s,respectively. Implementing measures such as automatic steel plate guide gates and buffer chambers is recommended toreduce the initial ore velocity, thereby decreasing the internal forces acting on the ore pass walls.