As easily processed gold ore resources become increasingly scarce,developing efficient processes for low-grade,sulfur and arsenic-bearing complex gold ores is critical. This study focuses on the process mineralogy of a complex gold ore in Peru and compares the treatment effects of total leaching and a combined leaching-flotation process. Results show that the gold grade of the ore is 6.64 g/t,with 51.9 % of the gold encapsulated in minerals,primarily hosted by pyrite and quartz. Under optimized conditions,the gold leaching rate via full cyanidation reached 74.1 %,with a residual gold grade of 1.72 g/t in the leach residue,indicating room for recovery improvement. By subjecting the leach residue to flotation,closed-circuit tests achieved a gold concentrate grade of 21.60 g/t and a gold recovery of 14.47 %. The combined leaching-flotation process increased the total gold recovery to 88.57 %,demonstrating significant advantages for processing complex gold ores. These findings provide an effective technical reference for future complex gold ore development.