Abstract: To address the unclear locations, complex spatial relationships, and difficulty in accurately determining the stability of historical goafs formed by long-term underground mining, an integrated investigation and stability analysis was conducted on near-surface historical goafs in a metal mine. Surface and underground field investigations, transient electromagnetic surveys, UAV oblique photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing analysis, and drilling verification were jointly used to characterize the distribution of near-surface goafs, the nature of anomalous areas, and surface deformation. The results indicate that the shallow goafs are mainly distributed within the areas affected by historical mining, and surface subsidence areas and abandoned adit portals show good spatial correspondence with early mining workings. The anomalies identified by transient electromagnetic surveys were further verified by drilling. The verification results show that some anomalies correspond to structural fracture zones, while others correspond to tailings-filled goafs, demonstrating the reliability of the geophysical interpretation. Based on the investigation results, a two-dimensional numerical model of a typical goaf was established to analyze the displacement and stress distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock. The results show that deformation mainly occurs around the goaf boundaries and at the interfaces between the backfill and surrounding rock. Although stress concentrations occur in the roof and boundary areas, no obvious through-going failure zones are observed, indicating that the goaf remains generally stable under current conditions. Furthermore, the dynamic response of the tailings backfill under seismic loading was analyzed. The results show that excess pore water pressure accumulates to some extent within the backfill. However, the excess pore pressure ratio remains significantly below the liquefaction criterion, and no obvious liquefaction zone forms. The findings provide a reference for goaf investigation, stability evaluation, and safety management of near-surface historical goafs in similar metal mines.