Abstract: Mineral alteration, also known as wall rock alteration, is an important prospecting indicator in the field of mineral exploration. Using remote sensing prospecting technology to extract mineral alteration anomaly information can carry out mineral resources exploration with low cost and high efficiency in a wide range. By taking the Bayun Obo Mining Area as the research area, the Landsat-8 OLI and ASTER data were used, and the Landsat-8 OLI full-band and AO data were coupled to obtain the AOM data. Based on the AOM data, the principal component analysis method was used to extract the alteration anomaly information of hydroxyl minerals and iron-stained minerals, and the density segmentation method was used to classify the alteration grade. Combined with the geological map, 5 metallogenic prospective areas were determined. The results show that the AOM data generated by coupling Landsat-8 OLI and ASTER data contains more information of mineral alteration anomalies. AOM data performs better in extracting the details of alteration information and can be used as an important technical means for mineral resources exploration and research.