Abstract: Ecological restoration of mine dumps is a key link in mine environment governance. It holds significant strategic importance for improving regional ecological environmental quality and promoting the sustainable development of mining areas. As core functional components of ecosystems, microorganisms offer unique biotechnological advantages for mine’s ecological restoration. This paper systematically elaborated on the key scientific issues faced during the ecological restoration of waste dumps, deeply explored the mechanisms of microbial remediation technologies in soil structure reconstruction, heavy metal pollution control, and vegetation community restoration, and analyzed their applications in the ecological restoration of waste dumps. To address the current technical bottlenecks of microbial remediation in practical applications, future development directions were proposed from the perspectives of microbial agent adaptability, community stability, and multi-technology integration. The microbial-driven ecological restoration technology system not only provides an innovative and sustainable path for the remediation of contaminated sites but also offers important scientific and technological support and practical paradigms for the comprehensive governance of ecological environments of global mines and the construction of green mines.