Abstract: Acid mine drainage （AMD）, a typical environmental problem generated from gold mining, has long constrained the green and sustainable development of the industry. However, the active interactions between minerals and microbes in AMD environments not only drive the formation of pollution but also promote the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, sulfur, iron, and other nutrients, regulating the fate and speciation changes of heavy metals. Therefore, remediation technologies based on mineral−microbe synergism demonstrate significant application prospects in the ecological restoration and reconstruction of mining areas. This review systematically summarized the dual roles and mechanisms of mineral−microbe interactions in AMD sites of gold mines. It detailed the microscopic mechanisms through which microbial communities mediate mineral formation and transformation, as well as the regulatory and shaping effects of minerals on microbial communities, with a focus on the influence of mineral−microbe interactions on the migration, transformation, and release of heavy metals in AMD sites, along with the application prospects of such interactions in pollution control and ecological reconstruction. The research aims to provide an interdisciplinary theoretical framework for the ecological remediation of gold mine tailings and proposes potential strategies and research prospects based on the current limitations of bioremediation technologies, so as to promote the transformation of mineral−microbe synergistic remediation from theory to engineering application.