Abstract: As one of the core technologies of advanced oxidation processes （AOPs）, the Fenton oxidation process has attracted widespread attention due to its mature technology and mild reaction conditions, demonstrating significant advantages in degrading high-concentration and refractory organic pollutants. However, the classical Fenton oxidation process still faces limitations such as large iron sludge production, narrow pH applicability range, high chemical costs, and safety concerns regarding reagent storage and transportation. As environmental standards continue to improve, the demand for efficient wastewater treatment technologies is growing. This paper systematically reviewed the core mechanisms and theoretical controversies of Fenton oxidation reactions, summarized engineering application cases in typical industries such as papermaking, printing and dyeing, chemical engineering, and mining, and analyzed optimization strategies including parameter control, process coupling, and iron sludge reduction. It also highlighted recent advances in Fenton-like processes, including the development and application of homogeneous modification and heterogeneous catalysts. In response to key challenges such as cost, pH limitations, iron sludge disposal, and catalyst stability, this paper proposed strategies including low-cost oxidant alternatives, pH-adaptive technologies, iron sludge resource utilization, and catalyst modification and discussed future development directions toward greener, smarter, and more diversified approaches. This study aims to provide a reference for the efficient treatment of industrial wastewater using the Fenton oxidation process.