Abstract: Carlin-type gold deposits are a globally important source of gold, predominantly located in Nevada, USA, and the Yunnan−Guizhou−Guangxi region of China. These deposits are typically enriched in hazardous elements such as arsenic （As）, antimony （Sb）, mercury （Hg）, and thallium （Tl）. The characteristic pollutants in the Carlin-type gold mine areas originate from the supergene oxidative dissolution of gold-bearing sulfide minerals. Their environmental geochemical behavior encompasses key processes including redox reactions, adsorption-coprecipitation, and desorption-dissolution, among which the phase transformation of secondary iron minerals constitutes a critical mechanism driving the secondary release and persistent contamination of elements such as As. At present, a synergistic green remediation technology system has been gradually established for Carlin-type gold mine areas, centered on a whole-process strategy of "source control, ecological buffering, and end-of-pipe purification". Source control inhibits sulfide mineral oxidation and heavy metal release through measures including tailings solidification, surface passivation, water covers, and microbial regulation. Ecological buffering relies primarily on tolerant plant remediation, soil reconstruction, and microbial enhancement to mitigate pollutant migration and improve ecological carrying capacity. End-of-pipe purification integrates constructed wetlands, bioreactors, and multi-stage passive treatment systems to achieve compliant discharge of heavy metals, cyanide, and sulfate from mining wastewater. This review systematically summarized the environmental geochemical characteristics, pollutant release, migration and transformation mechanisms, and advances in remediation technologies for Carlin-type gold mine areas. It compared the pollution differentiation patterns and their causes in typical Carlin-type gold mine areas of China and the USA and outlined future research priorities, aiming to provide a scientific basis and technical reference for pollution prevention and green sustainable development in Carlin-type gold mine areas worldwide.